The Scottish philosopher of Enlightenment Thomas Reid outlined a rich and complete notion of human nature which concluded that this is quite especial. Althought it was possible that this nature had evolved in a biological and psychological way, being so peculiar, its evolution could have taken place in an especial way as well; one which plausibly propitiated the gene-culture coevolution so vindicated by contemporary researchers of human nature. Reid is, by all means, a definite forerunner of theories about such coevolution.

El artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación sobre la violencia política en Perú y su actual incidencia en la crisis de legitimidad de las instituciones políticas democráticas. La metodología empleada supone la revisión documental y el tratamiento de otras fuentes sobre las múltiples maneras como el conflicto armado debilitó la credibilidad en los mecanismos y estamentos democráticos. Se presentan elementos concluyentes sobre la continuidad, durante y después del conflicto, de la desigualdad, la frustración en la búsqueda de la verdad (...) y justicia ante la violación de los derechos humanos como causas de la crisis e inestabilidad política en Perú. El artículo permitirá concluir con la grave crisis de gobernabilidad que atraviesa el país, que se traduce en prácticas corruptas que paralizan su desarrollo económico, marcando el paso de una crisis económica a una crisis política: un puente que une los años 1992 a 2018 y que deja como saldo una pérdida generalizada de confianza en la clase política y en las instituciones del poder público en Perú. (shrink)

The participation of families in schools where their children study is a recurring research topic. This field tends to address the perception of parents or teaching staff. This work is novel in that it considers what teachers, and not families, do to facilitate this participation. The purpose of this work has been to contrast a theoretical model with a multidimensional questionnaire designed to obtain information on the assistance provided by teachers to improve parental involvement in schools. It will allow us (...) to lay the foundations for the content necessary for the initial and permanent training of teachers. Then, an initial questionnaire was created and, after being subjected to expert judgment, it was applied to 225 Spanish teachers, using a quantitative and a non-experimental methodology. After calculating the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and applying the structural equation model, a questionnaire was obtained that had satisfactory construct validity and reliability. (shrink)

Se realizó una propuesta metodológica en el Hospital Militar Clínico Quirúrgico Docente Doctor Octavio de la Concepción y la Pedraja de Camagüey durante el año 2014 con el objetivo de argumentar el valor ético que tiene para el estudiante de Medicina ser insertado al sistema de garantía de la calidad hospitalaria. Se emplearon métodos de nivel teórico como análisis y síntesis, histórico-lógico, inducción-deducción. La vinculación del estudiante universitario al sistema de garantía de calidad en un centro asistencial docente permite elevar (...) la utilización correcta del método clínico y provee al discente de conocimiento para que al egresar desempeñe un servicio de excelencia y alcance a reducir los errores e insatisfacciones de la población y con ello los costos innecesarios. In order to increase the ethical value integrating medical students into a hospital quality guarantee system has, a methodological proposal was put forward in the Doctor Octavio de la Concepcion y la Pedraja Teaching Clinical-Surgical Military Hospital of Camaguey during 2014. Theoretical methods such as analysis and synthesis, historical-logical methods and induction-deduction were used. Linking college students to the quality guarantee system allows increasing the proper use of the clinician and it provides the learner with the knowledge he needs to carry out an excellent service and to reduce errors making and people dissatisfactions, therefore cutting on unnecessary costs. (shrink)

In today's world, the corporate image of the largest companies is closely linked to their performance in the field of corporate social responsibility and the disclosure of information on that topic, specifically, on climate change. Since the Board of Directors is the body responsible for this process, the aim of this article is to show the role that companies' Boards of Directors play in the accountability process vis-à-vis stakeholders in relation to one specific aspect which has enormous significance in environmental (...) information: practices used to monitor greenhouse gas emissions. In order to achieve this, we shall verify certain business characteristics, in addition to the size and activity of the Board of Directors, and we shall take different dependence models into consideration. These models will include variables related to the level of independence and diversity of the Board of Directors, which interact with dummy variables representing the company's litigation risks regarding environmental behavior and the institutional macro-context of the organization's country of origin. The results make it clear that Boards of Directors are basically focused on the traditional responsibility of creating economic value, instead of dealing with today's broader business world concepts, which include social responsibility. This focus, therefore, does not favor the accountability process before other stakeholders, if this makes it more difficult to protect the interests of shareholders. (shrink)

The authors of Beziau and Franceschetto work with logics that have the property of not satisfying any of the formulations of the principle of non contradiction, Béziau and Franceschetto also analyze, among the three-valued logics, which of these logics satisfy this property. They prove that there exist only four of such logics, but only two of them are worthwhile to study. The language of these logics does not consider implication as a connective. However, the enrichment of a language with an (...) implication connective leads us to more interesting systems, therefore we look for one implication for these logics and we study further properties that the logics obtain when this connective is added to these systems. (shrink)

José María Vigil y Antonio Caso fueron dos defensores de la democracia liberal y de la posibilidad de un limitado, aunque efectivo, manejo consciente de los asuntos públicos y sociales dentro de los contextos adversos de México durante la administración de Porfirio Díaz y en el periodo post-revolucionario. Ambos autores basan sus posiciones en una crítica concerniente al positivismo y al determinismo social, que apuntaría hacia una manera de pensar muy distante del pensamiento subjetivista, aunque muy cercana a un “realismo (...) directo” epistemológico que establece que el mundo no es de hecho una construcción subjetiva o intersubjetiva que debe interpretarse subjetiva o intersubjetivamente. Sin embargo, esto no es algo que pueda saberse a través de una copia mental o representación de sus entidades y procesos. Tal vez el defensor más evocador del realismo directo en la historia ha sido el filósofo escocés del siglo XVIII, Thomas Reid, un gran representante del “sensocomunismo” explícitamente recuperado por Vigil y reivindicado tácitamente por Antonio Caso. (shrink)

In the last 20 years the Turing test has been left further behind by new developments in artificial intelligence. At the same time, however, these developments have revived some key elements of the Turing test: imitation and adversarialness. On the one hand, many generative models, such as generative adversarial networks, build imitators under an adversarial setting that strongly resembles the Turing test. The term “Turing learning” has been used for this kind of setting. On the other hand, AI benchmarks are (...) suffering an adversarial situation too, with a ‘challenge-solve-and-replace’ evaluation dynamics whenever human performance is ‘imitated’. The particular AI community rushes to replace the old benchmark by a more challenging benchmark, one for which human performance would still be beyond AI. These two phenomena related to the Turing test are sufficiently distinctive, important and general for a detailed analysis. This is the main goal of this paper. After recognising the abyss that appears beyond superhuman performance, we build on Turing learning to identify two different evaluation schemas: Turing testing and adversarial testing. We revisit some of the key questions surrounding the Turing test, such as ‘understanding’, commonsense reasoning and extracting meaning from the world, and explore how the new testing paradigms should work to unmask the limitations of current and future AI. Finally, we discuss how behavioural similarity metrics could be used to create taxonomies for artificial and natural intelligence. Both testing schemas should complete a transition in which humans should give way to machines—not only as references to be imitated but also as judges—when pursuing and measuring machine intelligence. (shrink)

The notion of conceptual space, proposed by Gärdenfors as a framework for the representation of concepts and knowledge, has been highly influential over the last decade or so. One of the main theses involved in this approach is that the conceptual regions associated with properties, concepts, verbs, etc. are convex. The aim of this paper is to show that such a constraint—that of the convexity of the geometry of conceptual regions—is problematic; both from a theoretical perspective and with regard to (...) the inner workings of the theory itself. On the one hand, all the arguments provided in favor of the convexity of conceptual regions rest on controversial assumptions. Additionally, his argument in support of a Euclidean metric, based on the integral character of conceptual dimensions, is weak, and under non-Euclidean metrics the structure of regions may be non-convex. Furthermore, even if the metric were Euclidean, the convexity constraint could be not satisfied if concepts were differentially weighted. On the other hand, Gärdenfors’ convexity constraint is brought into question by the own inner workings of conceptual spaces because: some of the allegedly convex properties of concepts are not convex; the conceptual regions resulting from the combination of convex properties can be non-convex; convex regions may co-vary in non-convex ways; and his definition of verbs is incompatible with a definition of properties in terms of convex regions. Therefore, the mandatory character of the convexity requirement for regions in a conceptual space theory should be reconsidered. (shrink)

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar las perspectivas teórico-metodológicas del posmodernismo como tendencia de la política comparativa. A pesar de que los posmodernistas frecuentemente rechazan algunos de los puntos del acercamiento conductual, la psicología política tiende a abarcarlos. En este análisis se sugiere que se debe tener cuidado cuando se atribuyen elementos al posmodernismo ya que está lejos de ser una disciplina monolítica, pues contiene diferentes áreas de interés, tales como el posestructuralismo. La posmodernidad cuestiona la legitimidad del desarrollo alcanzado (...) por la modernidad y la universalidad de sus valores y procesos, el reduccionismo economicista, su enfoque etnocéntrico y la unidimensionalidad de su interpretación. (shrink)

Recently, Casasanto and Lupyan (2015) have asserted that there are no context-independent concepts: all concepts are constructed ad hoc when they are instantiated. My aim is to show that the ad hoc cognition framework can be characterized by a similarity-based theory of concepts, and that two different notions of concept should be distinguished —which may be identified with two distinct stages of their life cycle (storage and instantiation). This approach brings together virtues from opposing views: (a) invariantist: stored concepts are (...) stable enough to collect new information; (b) contextualist: instantiated concepts are context-dependent, what explains our adaptive ability to changing environments. (shrink)

El propósito de esta investigación es describir el impacto de las acciones de vinculación de las empresas en las instituciones educativas superiores. La metodología se basó en estudios documentales y encuestas aplicadas a estudiantes y egresados de una Universidad. Los resultados destacan que los estudiantes que participan en programas en estadías de vinculación en las organizaciones durante su estancia en las universidades tienen mayores posibilidades de ejercer su práctica profesional. Se concluye científicamente que las instituciones educativas superiores que proporcionan prácticas (...) a estudiantes en la industria aumentan su matrícula merced a la incorporación a la práctica profesional. (shrink)

The main factor of intelligence is defined as the ability tocomprehend, formalising this ability with the help of new constructsbased on descriptional complexity. The result is a comprehension test,or C- test, which is exclusively defined in computational terms. Due toits absolute and non-anthropomorphic character, it is equally applicableto both humans and non-humans. Moreover, it correlates with classicalpsychometric tests, thus establishing the first firm connection betweeninformation theoretical notions and traditional IQ tests. The TuringTest is compared with the C- test and the (...) combination of the two isquestioned. In consequence, the idea of using the Turing Test as apractical test of intelligence should be surpassed, and substituted bycomputational and factorial tests of different cognitive abilities, amuch more useful approach for artificial intelligence progress and formany other intriguing questions that present themselves beyond theTuring Test. (shrink)

El autor señala que la ola democratizadora de las últimas décadas requiere la precisión conceptual de gobernabilidad local, para lo que desarrolla una reflexión sobre la gobernabilidad económica glocal, la gobernancia local, y la gobernabilidad democrática de los gobiernos locales. Concluye argumentando que el Estado de Derecho, el fortalecimiento de la sociedad civil y el desarrollo de la capacidad de gobernabilidad contribuyen a la ampliación y profundización del espacio público y al establecimiento de mecanismos de control social sobre los recursos (...) públicos, por lo que la discusión de la democracia postnacional compete al conjunto de los ciudadanos. (shrink)

El objetivo de este trabajo es valorar el reciente proyecto de Jeriy Fodor consistente en combinar una semántica informacional para el lenguaje del pensamiento y una teoría computacional de los procesos mentales. Examinamos, en primer lugar, una noción central en la obra de Fodor: la noción de "mecanismo". Defendemos entonces que, al menos para los llamados "casos-Frege", la propuesta de Fodor en The Blm and tite Expert (1994) no es satisfactoria.

Mundus vult decipi, ergo decipiatur—the world wants to be deceived, so let it be deceived.Artificial intelligence has been a deceiving discipline: AI addresses those tasks that, if performed by humans, would require intelligence, but have been solved without featuring any genuine intelligence. This delusion has come, in return, with algorithmic techniques that can reliably solve many of these tasks, from game playing to pattern recognition. AI applications are a success.However, AI has not solved “what makes [us] clever, the puzzle of (...) intelligence”. Those that expect that this book brings the answer will have their hopes deceived. This book is about what does not make us clever, a restatement of Fodor’s “The mind doesn’t work that way” . Partridge swings between condescending scepticism and bitter negativism with most of what AI has become, and reaches fierce disparagement of the technological singularity visionaries.The main message of the book is that science is stil .. (shrink)

Resumen En este trabajo intentaré comparar dos momentos en la producción teórica de Nancy Fraser: sus análisis contemporáneos del capitalismo como orden institucional y su marco categorial previo, basado en dualismo de redistribución y reconocimiento. Destacaré tres grandes rupturas en su evolución intelectual: en el diagnóstico del presente, en la comprensión del capitalismo como tal y en la propuesta política.In this paper I will try to compare two periods in Nancy Fraser's theoretical evolution: her analysis of contemporary capitalism as an (...) institutional social order and her previous categorial framework, based on the dualims of redistribution and recognition. I will highlight three major ruptures in her intellectual development: in the diagnosis of present times, in the understanding of capitalism as such and in political proposal. (shrink)

Este artículo nos adentra en el estudio del problema del “jansenismo español” durante el siglo de Ilustración. En la primera parte se presenta el origen del jansenismo teológico, moral y disciplinar. Se indican sus representantes y sus obras. Más tarde se convierte en jansenismo político, también llamado jansenismo histórico. La influencia del pensamiento de los jansenistas franceses, holandeses e italianos sobre los jansenistas españoles es evidente y fehaciente. La historiografía sobre el particular es abundante. Se presentan las características más importantes (...) del jansenismo español, en relación con el despotismo ilustrado, el regalismo y el reformismo, además de un gran interés por la Biblia, el Derecho y la Historia. (shrink)

Una de las dificultades para la atención de los pacientes oncológicos es la posibilidad de que no colaboren con su tratamiento. A partir del análisis conceptual y del estudio de dos casos, se propone mejorar la calidad del procedimiento en el consultorio de oncología de atención ambulatoria en la Clínica 180 del IMSS.1 La literatura clínica revela diversas limitaciones de los pacientes al momento de consentir tratamientos; una muy frecuente es la mención del estrés. En los casos analizados aparecen, además, (...) informaciones previas equivocadas sobre el tratamiento y la gravedad de la enfermedad. A partir de los datos encontrados, se diseñó un algoritmo decisional para señalar los momentos que pueden facilitar y permitir el consentimiento informado. Se concluye que el consentimiento debe darse a lo largo de todo el proceso, y que el algoritmo decisional es una propuesta de mejora en este sentido. (shrink)